Accounting Convention Meaning Examples Types

What is an Accounting Convention?

Accountants face specific problems while making financial statementsFinancial StatementsFinancial statements are written reports prepared by a company’s management to present the company’s financial affairs over a given period (quarter, six monthly or yearly). These statements, which include the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flows, and Shareholders Equity Statement, must be prepared in accordance with prescribed and standardized accounting standards to ensure uniformity in reporting at all levels.read more regarding certain business transactions, which are not entirely specified by accounting standards that are addressed by accounting conventions. It is referred to when; there is uncertainty in business transactions and when accounting standards fail to address such issues.

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Types of Accounting Convention

#1 – Conservatism

The accountant has to follow the conservatism principleConservatism PrincipleThe conservatism principle of accounting guides the accounting, according to which there is any uncertainty. All the expenses and liabilities should be recognized. In contrast, all the revenues and gains should not be recorded, and such revenues and profits should be recognized only when there is reasonable certainty of its actual receipt.read more of “playing safe” while preparing financial statements, considering all possible loss scenarios while recording transactions. There are specific points used for criticizing such a principle. Two values occurred while logging assets, i.e., Market value and Book Value. A lower value is generally considered since these conventions consider the worst-case scenario. In some instances, it’s observed that private reserves are being created by showing excessA bad debt provision refers to the reserve made by a company to set aside an amount computed as a specific percentage of overall doubtful or bad debts that has to be written off in the next year.read more provision for bad debtProvision For Bad DebtA bad debt provision refers to the reserve made by a company to set aside an amount computed as a specific percentage of overall doubtful or bad debts that has to be written off in the next year.read more and doubtful debts, depreciationDepreciationDepreciation is a systematic allocation method used to account for the costs of any physical or tangible asset throughout its useful life. Its value indicates how much of an asset’s worth has been utilized. Depreciation enables companies to generate revenue from their assets while only charging a fraction of the cost of the asset in use each year. read more, etc. And this affects the principle of ‘true and fair status of financial conditions.’

#2 – Consistency

Once a particular method is selected by the business while reporting, it should be followed consistently in the ensuing years. This principle is helpful for investors and analysts to read, understand, and compare the company’s financial statements. If the company wants to change the method, it should do so only with good reasons to make specific changes. Certain points criticize this principle, like considering certain items on a cost basis while others at market value void the principle of consistency in accounting. Still, accounting convention considers consistency in reporting methods over the years and not consistency with line items in comparison.

#3 – Full Disclosure

Relevant and important information regarding the company’s financial status must be revealed in financial statements even after applying the accounting convention. E.g. Contingent LiabilitiesContingent LiabilitiesContingent Liabilities are the potential liabilities of the company that may arise at some future date as a result of a contingent event that is beyond the company’s control. read more, and Law Suits against a business should be reported in adjoined notes in the company’s financial statements.

#4 – Materiality

Materiality ConceptMateriality ConceptIn any financial accounting statements, there are some transactions that are too small to be recognized and such transactions might not have any impact on the analysis of the financial statement by an external observer; removal of such irrelevant information to keep the financial statement crisp and consolidated is called as the concept of materiality.read more includes the impact of an event or item and its relevance in financial statements. It means materiality allows an accountant to ignore certain principles when items are not material. The accountant must report all such events and items that might influence the decision of investors or analysts. However, the information should be worthy of investigation and should have a higher value than the cost of preparation of statements. E.g., Low-cost assets like stationery and cleaning supplies are charged under expense accountExpense AccountExpense accounting is the accounting of business costs incurred to generate revenue. Accounting is done against the vouchers created at the time the expenses are incurred.read more instead of regular depreciating assets. Such issues have very little importance..

Examples

If Company built a plant worth $250,000 10 years ago, it should remain as per book value even today.Revenues for the firm are recorded only after realization while Expense, loss, a contingent liability, is recorded as soon as it occurred.

Importance

Monetary Impact: Accounting considers only items and events with monetary valueMonetary ValueMonetary value refers to the value of a product or service measured in terms of money. read more. Items such as Market leadership, management efficiency, skills are not considered in accounting as it does not directly reflect the financial impact on business.Different Entity: Accounting convention ensures that owners’ private transactions should not interfere with business transactions. Since businesses and owners are treated as two separate legal entities by law, this should be followed in business.Realization: Convention concentrates on the completed transaction. Transfer of ownership or sale of an asset or product should not be considered at the point of contract but when the entire process completes.Understanding: There should be clarity of information in financial statements so that investors or analysts who read them must understand such data.Comparison: Many Investors and analysts compare the company’s financial statements with their peers to analyze performance over a period. They make sure any information reported is in a way that will make it easy for investors.Reliable: They ensure reliable information is segregated and reported in financial statements.Neutral: They state that the accountant should make financial statements with no stake in a company or a biased opinion.

Advantages

Credibility: Financial Statements prepared according to accounting standards and conventions are much more reliable and accurate. It increases the confidence of investors. The following specific methods disclose relevant information.Planning and Decision: It provides enough information regarding financial data.Easy to Compare: Accounting conventions ensure that multiple companies report the transaction in the same manner as described. Thus making it easy for investors, creditors, and analysts to compare the performance of peer groups of companies.Efficiency: Accounting standards and conventions provide efficiency in the reporting process, making it easier for an accountant. Even users of such financial statementsUsers Of Such Financial StatementsFinancial statements prepared by the Companies are used by different categories of individuals and corporates on the basis of their relevancy to the respective parties. The most common users to the financial statements are Management of the Company, Investors, Customers, Competitors, Government and Government Agencies, Employees, Investment Analysts, Lenders, Rating Agency and Suppliers.read more benefitted as such standards are applicable and followed by all companies.Management Decisions: They help management make important decisions that affect business. E.g., the Prudence conceptPrudence ConceptPrudence Concept or Conservatism principle is a key accounting principle that makes sure that assets and income are not overstated and provision is made for all known expenses and losses whether the amount is known for certain or just an estimation i.e. expenses and liabilities are not understated in the books of accounting.read more makes sure revenues are recorded when realized, but liabilities and expenses are recorded as soon as they occurred.Reduce Fraud: It is guidelines for certain business transactionsCertain Business TransactionsA business transaction is the exchange of goods or services for cash with third parties (such as customers, vendors, etc.). The goods involved have monetary and tangible economic value, which may be recorded and presented in the company’s financial statements.read more, which are fully explained by accounting standards. Although not legally binding, accounting conventions make sure that financial statements provide relevant information in a particular manner.Reduce Wastage and Save Time: Accounting conventions like materiality makes sure that financial statements record all items and events worth value. This convention helps the accountant to ignore certain principles and concentrate on relevant items.

Disadvantages

Uncertainty: Many accounting conventions don’t wholly explain concepts or transactions recorded in financial statements. They are thus making it easy for management to manipulate specific figures through the accountant, e.g., Provisions for bad debt and depreciation.Lacks Consistency in Different Line Items: Assets and income are recorded at cost and when a transaction completes, while liability and expenses are recorded as soon as it occurs. They operate with worst-case scenarios, which might not reflect actual information about the company.Manipulation: Although they are designed to avoid manipulation, many times, these conventions help the management of the business to manipulate specific financial data through the reporting process, which shows a different picture of a company’s financial status.Estimates: Certain accounting estimate might not show a clear picture of the financial data of the company.

Conclusion

Accounting conventions are designed to resolve the issue of certain transactions through guidelines that are not adequately addressed by accounting standards. These conventions help many companies efficiently report their financial data. At the same time, it makes certain financial statements have all relevant information for the benefit of investors.

Though this convention helps management to manipulate specific figures in financial statements, it also helps in the smoothening reporting process of a company. It makes sure relevant information is disclosed in financial data or adjoined notes. For an investor, it is essential to go through all the information before making any decision. Usage of these conventions reduces as accounting standards are developed over time and increase the level of details and answers to questions.

What is an Accounting Convention?#

Types of Accounting Convention#

#1 – Conservatism#

#2 – Consistency#

#3 – Full Disclosure#

#4 – Materiality#

Examples#

Importance#

Advantages#

Disadvantages#

Conclusion#

Recommended Articles#